GLOSSARY Note: The terms used in the 19th century differ more or less from our current understanding. Therefore, we searched the old explanations and compiled them here in the glossary. Asphyxia [Ancient greek for pulseless; it generally means suspended animation, produced by the nonconversion of the venous blood of the lungs into arterial. Owing to the supply of air being cut off, the unchanged venous blood of the pulmonary artery passes into the minute radicles of the pulmonary veins, but their peculiar excitability requiring arterial blood to excite them, stagnation takes places in the pulmonary radicles, and death occurs chiefly from this cause, - not owing to venous blood being distributed through the system, and 'poisoning' it, as was the idea of Bichat. Several varieties of Asphyxia have been designated: Asphyxia of newborn, A. by noxious inhalation, A. by strangulation, A. by submersion.] dunx (Compare also Pulmonary paralysis Ed.) Asthenic Pneumonia [The signs of toxemia dominate the clinical picture. The local changes may be mild, and the subjective manifestations of the disease may also be absent. Nervous symptoms are predominant. Delirium, prostration, often icterus, gastrointestinal symptoms, especially diarrhea and meteorismus are observed. The distinction between asthenic pneumonia and typhoid fever with pulmonary symptoms is often difficult to make on the basis of the clinical picture. In most cases, diplococcal septicemia is present. Mixed infections mostly with streptococci may also be present.] osl1 (Compare with Typhoid Pneumonia. Ed.) Bilious fever The common remittent fever of summer and autumn; generally supposed to be owing to, or connected with, derangement of the biliary system. dicx Bilious Pneumonia Pneumonia accompanied by congestion of the liver and jaundice. gccx, 1902 Inflammation of the lungs, accompanied by gastric fever, and not uncommonly by typhoid symptoms. dunx This is a term applied to a type of pneumonia in which there is the occurrence of jaundice with the pneumonia. The chill is of longer duration, the pain in the side is more pronounced, due to the pleurisy, the fever is more remittent and jaundice and vomiting are present. Many of these patients are suffering from malarial poisoning. bwax, 1902 Bright's disease A granular disease of the cortical part of the kidney, which gives occasion to the secretion of urine that contains albumen, and is of less specific gravity than natural, and which destroys by inducing other diseases. It was first described by Dr. Bright, of London. dicx Catarrhalic Pneumonia Old synonym for Bronchio-Pneumonia as Capillary Bronchitis Ed. Carus Profound sleep. The last degree of coma, with complete insensibility, which no stimulus can remove, even for a few instants. Sopor, Coma, Lethargia, and Carus, are four degrees of the same condition. dunx Cerebral pneumonia Ed.: We found this term in homeopathic literature as title of a repertorial rubric used by C.M. Boger in his repertory "Bönninghausens' Characteristics and Repertory". In Bönninghausens' writings we found the term in "The Aphorisms of Hippocrates". Here he declares that it means cerebral involvement during pneumonia. He did not define what he meant (at that time) by "cerebral inflammation". In the most prominent medical dictionary of that time we found the following definition of "phrenitis": "High fever, headache, redness of eyes and face, intolerance of light and sound, watchfulness and delirium." dunx Beyond that most medical authorities in the 19th century did/could not differentiate between encephalitis and meningitis. So we suppose that the old term cerebral pneumonia means pneumonia showing symptom and signs as the above mentioned. [Cerebral pneumonia of infancy: The disease begins with convulsions, high fever, delirium, irritability, muscle tremor, and perhaps even neck rigidity. Most often, the diagnosis of meningitis is made and pulmonary affection is overlooked.] osl1 Chlorosis Osler osl1: Anemia of unknown cause that occurs in young girls (peak age 14-17 years) and is characterized by a marked reduction in hemoglobin content (iron deficiency anemia Ed.). [Chlorosis was characterized in the 19th century as a disease with specific symptoms. This therefore corresponds to a clinical rubric. In order to be able to apply this rubric adequately, it is useful to know the corresponding symptoms Ed.]. Facial color does not show the whiteness of ordinary anemia, nor the dirty pallor of pernicious anemia, but a peculiar yellow-greenish tint. Occasionally there are pigmented areas on the skin, especially on the joints. In milder degrees, the skin color is often deceptive, it is pinkish-red, especially during exertion (chlorosis rubra). The patients complain about shortness of breath, palpitations, a tendency to faint, ... The eyes have a peculiar shine and the sclerae are bluish. The appetite is carnivorous and sometimes craves unusual, even indigestible things (Pica syndrome Ed.), such as acids, lime and even earth. Very often there is superacidity of the gastric juice. Hence there is often pain after eating and attacks of cardialgia. Constipation is frequent. Palpitations on exertion, systolic murmur on the 2nd ICR on the left, continuous murmur above the jugular vein on the right; full, soft pulse; tendency to thrombosis. Frequent fever; headache and neuralgia, which can occur in attacks. Hands and feet feel cold. Dermatography and menstrual disorders are common. Chylous pleurisy [The effusion has a milky appearance. Forms: (a) Chyle from direct lesion of the thoracic duct; (b) a milk-like appearance due to the presence of fat from fatty degeneration of the formed elements. Diagnosis: by exploratory puncture only.] gccx, 1902 Coma Dunglison dunx: A profound state of sleep, from which it is extremely difficult to rouse the individual. It is a symptom which occurs in many diseases. Two varieties are distinguished, 1. Coma vigil which is accompanied with delirium. The patient has his eyes closed, but opens them when called; and closes them again immediately. This state is accompanied with considerable restlessness. 2. Coma Somnolentum, in which the patient speaks when roused, but remains silent and immovable in the intervals. Coma is a deeper sleep than sopor, but less so than lethargy and carus. Croupous pneumonia Because of the fibrinous exudation in lobar pneumonia, it has also been called croupy pneumonia in reference to diphtheria (Croup). Ed. Diaphragmatic Pleurisy [This is an inflammation of the pleura which covers the diaphragm and under surface of the lung. The Pain is referred either to the abdomen, low down in the back, or to the costo-phrenic attachment along the tenth rib, where tenderness may be elicited. The pain is increased by coughing, hiccough, and by an attempt to speak. Vomiting is a frequent symptom and the bowels are constipated.] bwax, 1902 Empyema necessitatis [This term is applied to the condition when the surface of the costal pleura becomes necrosed and the pus burrows outward, making its way under the skin of the side. When this occurs it causes peripheral inflammation, swelling, redness, heat, edema of the skin, pain on the slightest pressure, and there is fluctuation. When the skin is perforated there is discharge of the pus, with sinus communicating with the pleural cavity.] bwax, 1902 Encapsulated pleurisy [Definition: The effusion (serous or purulent) is limited by old adhesions. Forms: (a) unilocular; (b) multilocular; (c) areolar. Diagnosis: The physical signs are many and varied, and must always be confirmed by exploratory puncture.] gccx, 1902 Fibrinous Pneumonia This is a synonym for Croupous respectively Lobar Pneumonia. Ed. Gastric Fever A name given by some to bilious fever, which has appeared to them to be dependent on an affection of the stomach. Also, called Meningo-gastric fever. dicx Hectic Fever [The name of a slow, continued, or remittent fever, which generally accompanies the end of organic affections, and has been esteemed idiopathic, although it is probably always symptomatic. It is the fever of irritation and debility; and is characterized by progressive emaciation, frequent pulse, hot skin, - especially of the palms of the hands and soles of the feet, - and, towards the end, colliquative sweats and diarrhea. Being symptomatic, it can only be removed by getting rid of the original affection. This is generally difficult, and almost hopeless in the disease which it most commonly accompanies, -consumption.] dicx Hemorrhagic pleurisy [Definition: When the effusion contains a considerable quantity of blood. Source of the blood: Cancer; tuberculosis (pleural); hemorrhagic diathesis. Quantity of blood: rarely more than 10% of the effusion.] gccx, 1902 Hypostatic pneumonia [Hypostatic pneumonia is a termination of different diseases, in which the posterior portion and the base of the lungs are principally involved. At the beginning of the process there is a hemorrhagic edema and a hypostatic congestion into the most dependent part of the lungs. In aspiration pneumonia there is established a catarrhal or fibrinous inflammation in the terminal bronchioles and air vessels as the result of irritants that find their way down the bronchial tubes.] bwax, 1902 Interlobar pleurisy [Definition: The inflammation (which is always purulent) is in the fissures between the lobes. Symptoms: Diagnosis is difficult, the symptoms being very obscure. A dull area corresponding to a pulmonary fissure would be suggestive.] gccx, 1902 Intermittent Fever This is a fever consisting of paroxysms, with a complete state of apyrexia in the intervals. The chief types are the Quotidian, Tertian, and Quartan. dicx Interstitial Pneumonia Synonym of Cirrhosis of the lungs; Fibrinoid induration; Pulmonal fibrosis Lethargy A constant state of stupor from which it is almost impossible to arouse the individual; and, if aroused, he speedily elapses into his former condition. dunx Lungfever Lungfever is a former non-specific diagnosis that showed clinical symptoms of pneumonia without precise information about the affected areas. Ed. Marastic Fever Synonym of hectic fever dicx Mediastinal pleurisy This rare form is very difficult to diagnose. It is attended by pain, dyspnea, and a dull area beneath the sternum. gccx, 1902 Pulmonary Paralysis Term frequently used in the 19th century for lung failure (compare ARDS) as a result of an inflammatory process, asthma or emphysema. Ed. (Compare Asphyxia) Phrenitis In the 19th century this term was used synonymously with cerebritis or encephalitis. dunx The word "Phren" from the ancient Greek means mind. Ed. A disease characterized by violent pyrexia, pain in the head, redness of the face and eyes, intolerance of light and sound, watchfulness, and delirium, either furious or muttering. Its causes are the same as those of other inflammations: sometimes, however, it is induced by a Coup de soleil/ by inebriation; violent mental emotions, &c. Some authors have given the name Phrenitis and Meningitis to inflammation of the membranes of the brain; and that of Ceiyhalitis, Encephalitis, or Cerebritia to inflammation of the substance of the brain; but there are no pathognomic symptoms, which can lead us to refer the seat of the disease to either of those parts exclusively. Plastic Pleurisy Synonym dry or fibrinous pleurisy bwax, 1902 Plethora [Plero'sis, expresses a superabimdance of blood in the system, or in some part of it - hence the division of plethora into general and local; the latter being called, according to its seat, cerebral, pulmonary, uterine, etc. The principal symptoms of plethora exist in the circulatory system; such as redness of the surface, swelling of the veins, increase in the fullness of the pulse, in the strength of the heart's pulsations, etc., with spontaneous hemorrhages occasionally. With these are usually united general heaviness, torpor, lassitude, vertigo, tinnitus aurium, flushes of heat, &c. The blood of plethoric persons differs from healthy blood in the smaller ratio of water which it contains, and especially in the augmentation of the red corpuscles.] dunx Pleuro-Pneumonia Pneumonia accompanied by pleurisy with effusion. gccx, 1902 Pneumonic fever Pneumonic fever is a term used especially in books before the 20th century. Because it subsumes different disease entities (e.g. lobar-broncho-pneumonia, bronchiolitis), it is not very differentiating. Pulsating Pleurisy [Definition: pulsation synchronous with the heartbeat in (a) the intercostal spaces; or (b) in one or more tumors. In almost all cases the effusion is purulent, and always on the left side. Pneumothorax sometimes accompanies. Condition: Unusual tension of the fluid, together with lessened resistance of the chest wall.] gccx, 1902 Remittent Fever Is one which strikingly exacerbates and remits, but without intermission. The ordinary bilious fever of the United States is a simple remittent fever. dicx Scrophula/Skrophulosis [Scrofula is a tuberculosis of the lymph glands. There are two different forms. The sanguine type and the phlegmatic type. In the former, the child is tall, delicately built, with pure delicate skin, soft silky hair, bright and intelligent. In the second type, the children are stocky, with coarse, clumsy features, dirty, impure skin, and sluggish, indolent. Tuberculous adenitis is found in all ages, but much more frequently in children than in adults.] osl1 Semi-conscious Half awake, light sleep. Ed. Sopor A profound sleep, from which the person can be roused with difficulty. dunx Sordes In this context: Accumulation of the secretions of the mouth on the teeth [Ed. and on the lips] in adynamic fevers more especially, and of foul matters in the stomach. dunx Stertorous The deep snoring which accompanies inspiration in some diseases, particularly in apoplexy. Such respiration is said to be stertorous. dunx Stupor "To be stupefied" - Diminished activity of the intellectual faculties, often amounting to lethargy. It occurs in many affections, especially in the neuroses." dunx Sycotic subject The term "sycotic" is based on Hahnemann's miasm theory, which he developed in his work "The Chronic Diseases". Ed. According to the work of Henny Heudens Mast, who has worked intensively on the subject of miasms, "sycotic subjects" tend to have the following symptoms: Growths, warts, inflammations, suppurations, and catarrh, genital and urinary problems, physical overreaction, fishy smells, better by motion, better during twilight and night, better by cold, worse in wet or wet-cold weather/surroundings; tendency to goutic and rheumatic diseases. (Heudens-Mast, Henny, The Foundation of the chronic Miasms in the practice of homeopathy, Lutea Press, Florida, 2005) Sycotic Pneumonia glt2 This old-fashioned term is a reference to Hahnemann's theory of miasms. Because the miasmatic term "sycosis" does not denote a uniform, exact disease, no unified, clear symptomatic can be identified from it. The term "sycotic pneumonia" therefore is imprecise. Nevertheless, the idea that previous infections can lead to an altered susceptibility to disease due to altered regulatory processes in the immune system and/or in the mucous membranes is still relevant. From this perspective, the term "sycotic pneumonia" describes the multiple observations of pneumonia after subacute, insidious and/or recurrent infections including hyper-reactive and allergic symptoms of the tracheo-bronchial mucosa. The severity of the disease often does not correlate with the radiological picture. Sycotic Tuberculosis Editors: The first - and up to now only - time we met this term is in Kents' repertory. k. We could not find any text by Kent where he acutally defines this term. Reading Kents' Materia Medica k2 for the remedies he put in that rubric we came to the following working hypothesis: Recurrent/chronic broncho-pulmonal infection with emaciation- frequently following or aggravated by cold, esp. wet-cold weather. There is a history of gonorrhoeal infection (in the patient, his parents or the sexual partner) and/or a history of condylomata. Often these patients have a waxy skin, anemia, chronic kidney disease, warts, chronic coryza or chronic blepharitis. Children have a tendency to the following additional problems: Marasmus, face appears older and wrinkled, lienteric stools, recurrent diarrhea, problems with thriving/growth. Women often have a tendency to chronic vaginitis, adnexitis or metritis. We also refer to Kents' "Lectures on Homeopathic Philospophy" in his 21.lecture "Chronic diseases - Sycosis". Syphilitic Subject The term "syphilitic" is based on Hahnemann's miasm theory, which he developed in his work "The Chronic Diseases". Ed. According to the work of Henny Heudens Mast, who has worked intensively on the subject of miasms, "syphilitic subjects" tend to have the following symptoms: Pain in bones, sensations of coldness in painful parts, deformations, asymmetry, holes in tissues, corosion, cracks, offensive discharges (fetid, rotten, stinking smells,...) worse from drafts, wind, worse with too warm and too cold conditions, worse from sunset to sunrise. Typhoid Pneumonia Attended by marked prostration and low delirium. gccx, 1902 [In certain cases it develops into typhoid pneumonia, by which we mean the occurrence of symptoms peculiar to typhoid fever; low muttering delirium, sordes, etc.] dicx This term is used in a double sense; it may be applied to an adynamic form of pneumonia with typhoid symptoms, or to an occurrence of pneumonia during typhoid fever. It occurs in those who are much exhausted and are in depraved health, and in those who are living in unhygienic surroundings. It is found in case of Bright's disease, septicemia and in drunkards. bwax, 1902 The characteristics of this form are the great physical prostration, the weak heart action, the high fevers, the frequency of the respiration and pulse, the marked delirium, and frequent vomiting. The skin has a dusky hue, the tongue is heavily coated or may be dry and brown, while sordes collect on the teeth. The sputum may be the usual prune juice color, or it may be nearly pure blood. It may be rapidly fatal, or the patient may linger for a long time and recovery be very slow. The prognosis is always grave. bwax, 1902